| The Origins of Hockey |
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SIHR LIST OF THE FIRST ICE HOCKEY REFERENCES |
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1825
The first written reference to the word "hockey" in relation to playing the sport on ice was in 1825, in the text of a letter (reprinted from H.D. Traill's The Life of Sir John Franklin, R.N., 1896). The letter from Franklin to Roderick Murchison, dated November 6, 1825, states:
"Till the snow fell the game of hockey played on the ice was the morning's sport."
However, There is no clear evidence that the people playing "hockey for the morning sport" were wearing skates.This is believed to be a game of "field hockey", which took place while the Arctic explorer and his men were wintering at Fort Franklin (now known as Deline) on the shore of Great Bear Lake in a region now known as the Northwest Territories.
1839
The second written reference to "hockey on ice", was to an 1846 publication referring to the game being played in 1839 at Chippewa Creek (also known as the Welland River, which flows into the Niagara River from the west). Skates might have been used practising the game. The reference was made in the publication: "The Echoes From the Backwood; Or Sketches Of Transatlantic Life", written by Capt. R.G.A. Levinge, published in London, by Henry Colburn. [ More ]
1843
The next known "first-source" written reference to the word "hockey" in relation to playing the sport on ice was by Sir Arthur Henry Freeling, a British officer, who's diary entry of January, 1843 in Kingston, Ont., noted: "Began to skate this year, improved quickly and had great fun at hockey on the ice.
1846
Astley, Sir John Dugdale. Fifty Years of My Life: in the world of
sport at home and abroad, 1894. Volume 1 of 2.
There is a passage in the book where John Dugdale Astley talks about his days in Oxford, playing hockey-on-the-ice as early as 1846. He wrote the following:
“one of the best games in my humble opinion that man can play. That was an on-ice version of field hockey in which all players were required to shoot right-handed and offside rules varied.”
1853
hockey on the ice with Prince Albert and in front of Queen Victoria,
featuring one of the earliest references to tripping (?) and to music
at a game, among others…
Astley, Sir John Dugdale. Fifty Years of My Life: in the world of
sport at home and abroad, 1894. Volume 1 of 2, pp. 171-173.
"Just previous to Christmas [1853] we had a lot of hard weather, and
with some first-rate ice, which gave me ample opportunity of playing
my favourite game of hockey on the ice. Our other battalion was then
quartered at Windsor, and it reached my ears that a match was to be
played on the pond on the slopes below the Terrace of Windsor Castle,
and, though I really had no business there, I felt very keen to show
my powers before Royalty (the Royal family being at the Castle); so I
smuggled myself down to the pond, and, as I was known to be useful at
the game, Dudley de Ros of the 1st Life Guards and I tossed up for
sides. The pond – as I recollect it – was an oval one with an island
in the centre, on which the band of our regiment was stationed. At
one end of the pond her Gracious Majesty was seated, surrounded by
several ladies of the court, watching the game with evident interest.
The Prince Consort – who was a beautiful and graceful figure-skater –
kept goal for the opposite side, and Lord Listowel (father of the
present Earl) kept ours. I don't think that I ever enjoyed a game
more, and it was that day I first had the honour off making the
acquaintance of the Prince of Wales. The game waxed fast and furious
and I am afraid that I was sufficiently wanting in respect to
interfere once, at least, with the Prince Consort's equilibrium in my
eagerness to get a goal.
The edges of the pond sloped up to where Her Majesty was sitting, and
in a desperate rally with De Ros I lost my balance and came down in a
sitting posture, the impetus I had on carrying me right up to the
Queen's feet, and the hearty laughter which greeted my unbidden
arrival is still vividly impressed upon my mind.
It was altogether a glorious afternoon's sport, but as the ice was
beginning to thaw, and the surface was to a certain extent covered in
water, I was wet to the skin, and only escaped a rheumatic attack by
imbibing in plenty of deliciously mulled port-wine, which was served
in a conservatory under the terrace. To this decoction, I suppose I
must attribute my audacity in venturing to go down to the Foot-Guards
barracks, where I received a jobation from the C.O. for having the
effrontery to take part in a game to which I was not asked; but as I
had played well I was not cashiered on this occasion.
The following record shows the foot-races in which I took part prior
to the Crimea …."
Astley also tells of his trip to Switzerland in the winter of 1847,
but doesn't mention skating or hockey; he likely learned to skate
around that time or earlier on British ice during the hard winters of
the early 1840s, possibly earlier (he was born in 1828).
Certainly, Prince Albert had a habit of falling through the ice at
Windsor or Frogmore and, on one occasion, caught a serious cold that
had the papers worried that his life might be in danger. I have the
articles for these events…
The Prince of Wales (mentioned by Astley) appears to have taken part
in the game; he played again in 1895, in the famous game with the
Stanley brothers (recorded in Patton's Ice Hockey, etc.).
1857
The next oldest written reference was in an 1857 medical journal -- The Medical Chronicle -- which was published in Montreal. In the May, 1857 issue (Vol. 4, No. 12), a clinical lecture by Dr. W. Lawrence was discussing a hockey-related injury treated in England "In the winter of 1850, it appears, the patient was playing on the ice; while engaged in some game, the precise nature of which I do not understand, and termed 'hocky' -- a game, as I learn (and you will correct me if I'm wrong,) where there is hard hitting of a ball, or hard hitting of a hard ball, which struck the side of the leg, or tibia, of this poor young man. He says he did not make anything of it at the time, nor did he interrupt his playing; he even went on in the excitement of the game till he unluckily got a second blow, but this time with the "hockey" stick, on the identical same spot".
1875
The first reported indoor game of organized hockey was in Montreal on March 3, 1875. A post-game article was printed in The (Montreal) Gazette. Halifax did not report an indoor game until 1883 (eight lacrosse club players vs. nine other lacrosse club players). There was no mention of a referee in either game.
The first published reference to a puck-like object was in The (Montreal) Gazette of March 4, 1875, where it was noted that instead of the usual rubber ball, "a flat, circular piece of wood piece of wood" was created which "slid about between the players with great velocity".
The first published use of the word puck was on Feb. 7, 1876 when The (Montreal) Gazette reported on a hockey game between the Montreal Football Club and the Victoria Skating Rink club.
The playing rules for the game of "hockey on the ice" were first printed in The (Montreal) Gazette on Feb. 27, 1877.
The first mention of rules in a newspaper article was in the McGill University Gazette of April 1, 1877, where it was noted that J.G.A. Creighton, captain of the Victorias, "especially distinguished himself" by playing offside in a 1-0 win over McGill.
The first documented evidence of hockey games played with umpires and then referees were in Montreal. Philip D. Ross (a former McGill player and future inductee to the Hockey Hall of Fame) noted in his diary that he had acted as one of the umpires in a game reported in The (Montreal) Gazette to take place Jan. 15, 1879.
1880-1882
Rules of the National Skating Association of Great Britain. In a copy which
appears to be a later (second?) edition, published between 1880-1882,
for the NSA, which was founded in 1879.
Among to the "Objects" of the Association is "To provide Rules and
Regulations for the Game of Hockey on the Ice".
Pages 15-16 list 17 rules for "Hockey on the Ice … As played in the
Fens" [the Cambridge area]
Pages 17-18 list 17 rules for Hockey "As played in Metropolitan District"
In both cases the game is more along the lines of bandy, but strictly
defines the kinds of sticks that may be used, the kind of skates
("club skates" vs speed/fen skates), number of players, dimensions of
the playing surface and goals, etc.
1883
A two-page article, "Hockey, and How to Play it", from October 1883 (Source unknown)
The article starts by referring to a companion article on rounders
published in October 1880. It discusses two versions of the game, the "school code", which is clearly a "dry land" hockey and "the ice
code". It looks like it is written for a London schools readership.
This one is more narrative in nature, although it does include a list
of twelve rules, and is again, more akin to bandy in nature.
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| Hockey on Ice at Chippewa Creek 1839 |
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by Carl Gidén and Patrick Houda,
Swedish Ice Hockey Historical and Statistical Society, SIHSS, and
Society for International Hockey Research, SIHR.
With grateful opinions from Bill Fitsell, SIHR.
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| NOTE: The following historical text excerpts were reproduced with the language of the day intact, are are not intended to offend. |
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This paper will show that:
- "hockey on ice" was practised in Chippewa Creek ( Welland River) 1839.
- skates might have been used practising the game.
It may also be the first reference of men of African descent using skates.
The discovery was made July 10th 2008 in "The Echoes From the Backwood; Or Sketches Of Transatlantic Life"
written by Capt. R.G.A. Levinge.
Quoting Volume II, chapter XIX; "Upper Canada - Niagara District",
page 250:
"During the winter, the skating on Chippewa Creek was excellent and
added not a little to our amusement. Large parties contested games of
hockey on ice, some forty or fifty beeing ranged on each side. A
ludicrous scene, too, was afforded by the instruction of a black
corps in skating: from the peculiar formation of a negro´s foot, and
the length of his heel, they were constantly falling forward; it was
impossible to keep them on their skates, and down they came in whole
sections. They might have done admirably on snow-shoes, but it was
lamentable to witness the dreadful "headers" they suffered from the
skates."
Background
The author:
Sir Richard George Augustus Levinge.
Born - Westmeath, Ireland, 01 November 1811.
Died - in Brussels, Belgium, 28 September 1884.
Soldier, writer and artist.
Seventh baronet, first Master of the Westmeath Hunt, Ireland.
Entered the army, 1828; lieutenant, 1834; lieutenant-colonel in the
militia, 1846;
succeeded to baronetcy, 1848; high sheriff for ath, 1851; M.I for ro.
Vi-stin.-.ith, 1857 and SS'J;
The book
"The Echoes From the Backwood; Or Sketches Of Transatlantic Life",
published, London 1846, by Henry Colburn,
two volumes - 293 pp and 258 pp - chronological story.
Both volumes are downloadable from Google Books.
From 1835 to 1837, the author, a British army officer of the 43rd
Regiment, was stationed in St. John, New Brunswick. Struck by the
great prosperity of the province and the lack of promotion of the
many advantages awaiting the prospective settler, Levinge undertakes
to remedy the situation in the first volume of this work. He offers
hints to the emigrant, information regarding wages and costs of
provisions, clothing, livestock, farming implements, agricultural
produce, and reports on trade and the proposed railway. Levinge was
also a great sporting enthusiast, and he provides some interesting
anecdotes of his hunting and fishing excursions in New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, and Upper Canada.
The second volume relates a trip to the United States and his
impressions of the social and political situation in Upper and Lower
Canada, where he was posted during the Rebellion of 1837-38, and Lord
Durham's administration.
The last two chapters in Volume II, refers to 1839, after the final
suppression of the Rebellion.
Sir Richard Levinge returned to England in summer 1839.
The 43rd British Light Infantry (Foot) - Monmouthshire Light Infantry
went to New Brunswick in 1835, and was one of the regiments
despatched from New Brunswick to Quebec, overland on horse-sleighs,
in the depth of the winter December 1837, on the occasion of the
insurrection in Lower Canada.
The regiment was employed in Canada until 1844, when it removed to
Nova Scotia, and came home in 1846.
- In July 1838, - 43rd Regiment left Lower Canada for Niagara
District.
- July 17 1838, - John Lambton, Lord Durham (1792-1840), reviews the
43rd and other
regulars at Niagara Falls, Ontario; a show of force to impress
American sympathizers of the
rebels.
- In December 1838 the Rebellion was quashed.
A well known painting was made by the author, Sir Richard Levinge,
depicting "The '43rd Light Infantry', As They 'Turn Out' In Their
Sleighs, At The 'Falls of Niagara'.1839".
"The 43rd Light Infantry was in the Niagara frontier in 1839. This
wonderful winter scene was drawn by a member of the regiment, Sir
Richard Levinge, and it clearly shows a pleasure trip to the falls in
mid-winter."
The "Black Corps"
December 11 1837, Niagara Ontario - A corps of "Africans" was raised
out of the 400 black residents of Niagara; a company of 50 men was in
arms by December 15. A second African company was later raised in
Niagara, and the two joined together to form the "Coloured Corps"
with a combined strength of about 130 men. The unit guarded the
frontier from Chippewa to Drummondville during the winter 1837-38.
Ohter written works by Sir Richard Levinge:
- "Historical Notices of the Levinge Family 1853."
- "Historical Records of the Forty-third Regiment, Monmouthshire Light Infantry, hire Light Infantry 1868."
Among several paintings from Canada:
- "A meeting of the Sleigh Club at the barracks, St. John, New
Brunswick, 1837".
National Archives of Canada, C-042256
- "Sleighing in New Brunswick c. 1838". National Gallery of Canada
(no. 9933)
Conclusions
Hockey on Ice was practised at Chippewa Creek winter 1839.
The point of time of the event can be fixed - regarding the above
facts.
Many pair of skates were available - enough to equip "whole sections
of the Black Corps".
Therefore skates may have been used playing Hockey on Ice,
It might also be the first reference of coloured men using skates (in
a humiliating way - but in a language of it's time)
The author does not describe Hockey on Ice in words of a new
invention - he seems to be quite familiar with the game - indicating
the existence of the game earlier than 1839.
Also the name of the game seems to have existed prior to 1839.
A number of British soldiers seems to have had earlier experience of
Hockey on Ice - either on skates or on foot - from their origin in
Great Britain or from their placement in Canada
A number of British soldiers had the knowledge of skating - from
their origin in Great Britain or from their placement in Canada -
enough knowledge to instruct beginners.
Questions
Was only the British Regiment enjoying the game of Hockey on Ice - or
was is a mix of soldiers and local inhabitants?
From where did the Regiment get the large number of skates ?
43rd was a Light Infantry using sledges and snow-shoes in the winter -
but skates ?
As we can imagine, it does not seems likely, that skates were in the
equipment of 43rd Regiment.
Therefore, most probably, skates were borrowed from the local
population - indicating that those were commonly used in the area.
That gives a possibility that the game of Hockey on Ice - on skates -
may have been practised in the area earlier than 1839.
The same discussion might be applied regarding the sticks - used for
playing Hockey on Ice.
They might have been fabricated by the Regiment from tree branches -
or borrowed by the local population - indicating earlier local
existence of the game - either on skates or on foot.
End of text
© SIHSS/SIHR, July 10th 2008
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